1. Định nghĩa: Liên từ là từ dùng để nối các từ loại, cụm từ hay mệnh đề.
2. Phân loại: Liên từ được chia làm hai loại chính:
a. Đẳng lập (song song):
Dùng loại liên từ này để nối những các từ loại hoặc cụm từ/ nhóm từ cùng một loại, hoặc những mệnh đề ngang hàng nhau (tính từ với tính từ, danh từ với danh từ …):
Ví dụ:
🔊 NgheHe and I are students.
🔊 NgheShe is beautiful and kind.
🔊 NgheThey are learning to read and write.
b. Liên từ phụ thuộc:
Loại liên từ phụ thuộc nối kết các nhóm từ, cụm từ hoặc mệnh đề có chức năng khác nhau – mệnh đề phụ với mệnh đề chính trong câu.
3. Những liên từ Đẳng lập (song song):
Những liên từ Đẳng lập gồm:
AND
Ví dụ: She is a good and loyal wife.
🔊 NgheI have many books and notebooks.
BOTH … AND
Ví dụ: She is both good and loyal.
🔊 NgheThey learn both English and French.
AS WELL AS
Ví dụ: 🔊 NgheHe has experience as well as knownledge.
NO LESS THAN
Ví dụ: 🔊 NgheYou no less than he are very rich.
NOT ONLY … BUT (ALSO)
Ví dụ: He learns not only English but but (also) Chinese.
I like playing not only tennis but (also) football.
OR
Ví dụ: 🔊 NgheHurry up, or you will be late.
EITHER…OR
Ví dụ: <i🔊 Nghe>He isn’t either good or kind.
🔊 NgheI don’t have either books or notebooks.
NEITHER … NOR
Ví dụ: 🔊 NgheHe drinks neither wine nor beer .
🔊 NgheShe has neither husband nor children.
BUT
Ví dụ: 🔊 NgheHe is intelligent but very lazy.
🔊 NgheShe is ugly but hard-working.
THEN
Ví dụ: 🔊 NgheYou have eaten nothing; then you must be very hungry.
🔊 NgheThe plant looks very faded; then it hasn’t been watered for long.
CONSEQUENTLY
Ví dụ: 🔊 NgheYou didn’t work hard for this term; consequently, he failed the exam.
HOWEVER
Ví dụ: 🔊 NgheHe is a very lazy student; however, he can pass all the exams easily.
🔊 NgheIt was raining very hard; however, we went out without umbrellar.
NEVERTHELESS
Ví dụ: <i🔊 Nghe>She studies very hard; nevertheless, she always gets bad marks.
STILL, YET
Ví dụ: I speak to you peaceably; still/yet you will not listen.
🔊 NgheShe says she does not love me, yet, I still love her.
OR, ELSE, OTHERWISE
Ví dụ: We have to work hard, or/else/otherwise we will fail the exam.
ONLY
Ví dụ: 🔊 NgheGo where you like; only do not stay here.
THEREFORE
Ví dụ: He violated the traffic signs, therefore he was punished.
4. Những liên từ phụ thuộc (chính phụ):
Những liên từ phụ thuộc:
FOR
Ví dụ: He will surely succeed, for (because) he works hard.
WHEREAS
Ví dụ: 🔊 NgheHe learns hard whereas his friends don’t.
🔊 NgheWise men love truth whereas fools avoid it.
WHILE
Ví dụ: Don’t sing while you work.
🔊 NgheDon’t talk while you eat.
BESIDES, MOREOVER
Ví dụ:🔊 Nghe We have to study hard at school; besides, we must pay attention
🔊 Ngheto physical exercise.
🔊 NgheHe stole two watches; moreover, he broke the window.
SO
Ví dụ: He is a good teacher; so, he is very popular with students.
It rained very hard; so, we didn’t go out that night.
HENCE
Ví dụ: I had not money about me; hence I did not buy the book.
He came late; hence, he missed the first part of the lesson.
– Liên từ nối mệnh đề (như trạng ngữ):
a. Thời gian (Time):
AFTER
Ví dụ: A man shoud take a little rest, after he has worked hard.
🔊 NgheThe ship was checked carefully after she had been built.
AS
Ví dụ: 🔊 NgheHe came her, as the clock struck six.
🔊 NgheThey left as the bell rang..
AS SOON AS
Ví dụ: 🔊 NgheI will phone you as soon as I come home.
🔊 NgheThey will get married as soon as they finish university.
BEFORE
Ví dụ: 🔊 NgheDon’t count your chickens before they are hatchd.
🔊 NgheHe talks as if he were very wise.
.
Ví dụ: 🔊 NgheHe has been very weak, since he was taken sick.
AS LONG AS
Ví dụ: No one can harm us, as long as we remain friends.
🔊 NgheI will lend you some money as long as you promise to pay me back.
UNTIL
Ví dụ: People do not know the value of health until they lose it.
WHEN
Ví dụ: 🔊 NgheWhen you visit this country, you should bring thick winter clothes.
WHILE
Ví dụ: 🔊 NgheMake hay while the sun shines.
🔊 NgheStep while you dance.
b. Nơi chốn (Places):
WHERE
Ví dụ: The bed room is the best place where I do my homework.
WHEREVER
Ví dụ: 🔊 NgheHis mother follows him wherever he goes.
🔊 NgheI will go wherever to find a suitable job for me.
c. Thể cách (Manner):
AS
Ví dụ: Do as I told you to do.
AS IF
Ví dụ: 🔊 NgheHe talks as if he knew everything about her.
🔊 NgheHe dances as if he were a professional dancer.
d. So sánh (Comparisons):
AS
Ví dụ: He is as tall as his brither.
This bag is as expensive as that one.
THAN
Ví dụ: 🔊 NgheShe is more beautiful than her sister.
🔊 NgheShe looks fatter than his friend.
e. Lí do (Reasons):
AS
Ví dụ: 🔊 NgheAs it rained very hard, we stopped they games.
BECAUSE
Ví dụ: We could not pass the test because we didn’t learn hard.
I didn’t meet her because she had left earlier.
SINCE
Ví dụ: 🔊 NgheI must go since she has telephoned three times.
f. Mục đích (Purposes):
THAT
Ví dụ: I work hard that I may succeed in life.
SO THAT
Ví dụ: We went very early so that we could catch the last bus.
IN ORDER THAT
Ví dụ: We learn French in order to study in France .
g. Điều kiện (Conditions) :
IF
Ví dụ: I will phone him if I have his phone number.
UNLESS (IF NOT)
Ví dụ: You will be late unless you set off now.
Unless you work hard, you will not pass the eams.
PROVIDED THAT
Ví dụ: I will pardon him provided that he acknowledge his fault.
You can enter the room provided that you have the ticket..
IN CASE
Ví dụ: You should take an umbrella in case it rains.
Please take a map with you in case (that) you may get lost.
h. Sự tương phản, trái ngược:
ALTHOUGH, THOUGH, EVEN THOUGH
Ví dụ: Though/even though /although it rained hard, I went out with her.
AS
Ví dụ: Rich as he is, his isn’t ever happy.
EVEN IF
Ví dụ: Even if my watch is right, we will be too late.
NOT WITH STANDING THAT
Ví dụ: He is poor not with standing that he works very hard.